Wednesday, October 05, 2005
Active Distributed Computing Projects
Active Distributed Computing Projects-->
Does your computer spend most of the day running screensavers or otherwise wasting its computing cycles? Why not use those spare cycles to help solve some huge problems? Try a project in one of the following categories. Note: if a project is followed by parentheses, the project is run on a distributed computing platform.
Science
http://distributedcomputing.info/ap-science.html#setiboinc (BOINC)
http://distributedcomputing.info/ap-science.html#seticlassic
http://distributedcomputing.info/ap-science.html#evolutionathome
eOn
climateprediction.net (BOINC)
Muon1
Distributed Hardware Evolution Project
http://distributedcomputing.info/ap-science.html#lhcathome (BOINC)
http://distributedcomputing.info/ap-science.html#einsteinathome (BOINC)
XtremLab (BOINC)
Life Sciences
Parabon Computation
United Devices Cancer Research (grid.org)
http://distributedcomputing.info/ap-lsciences.html#foldingathome
http://distributedcomputing.info/ap-lsciences.html#fightaidsathome
Übero
Drug Design Optimization Lab (a.k.a. D2OL)
The Virtual Laboratory Project
Community TSC
Find-a-Drug
http://distributedcomputing.info/ap-lsciences.html#predictor (BOINC)
http://distributedcomputing.info/ap-lsciences.html#xgridatstanford
Human Proteome Folding (World Community Grid, grid.org)
CHRONOS (BOINC)
Pancreatic Cancer Research (grid.org)
http://distributedcomputing.info/ap-lsciences.html#rosetta (BOINC)
Cryptography
distributed.net
PrimeGrid (BOINC)
Internet
G髆ez Performance Network Peer
Grub
Capacity Calibration
http://distributedcomputing.info/ap-internet.html#netiathome
dCrawl
DIMES
Red Library DLV
Majestic-12
Financial
MoneyBee
Mathematics
Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search
Proth Prime Search
ECMNET
Minimal Equal Sums of Like Powers
MM61 Project
3x + 1 Problem Catalan's Conjecture Research-->
Distributed Search for Fermat Number Divisors
http://distributedcomputing.info/ap-math.html#pcpathome
Generalized Fermat Prime Search Strong Pseudoprime Search-->Wilson Prime Search-->
PSearch Search for Primes of the Form k.2n - 1 -->
Seventeen or Bust
Factorizations of Cyclotomic Numbers The Lychrel Challenge-->
ZetaGrid
Goldbach Conjecture Verification
The Riesel Problem
The 3*2^n-1 Search
NFSNET
Search for Multifactorial Primes
15k Prime Search
ElevenSmooth
Riesel Sieve
The Prime Sierpinski Project
P.I.E.S. - Prime Internet Eisenstein Search
Factors of k*2^n?
XYYXF -->
12121 Search
2721 Search
Operation Billion Digits
SIGPS
Primesearch
Lone Mersenne Hunters
Factoring
100 Million digit prefactor project
Repdigit Prime Problems
Mersenneplustwo Factorizations
Sierpinski/Riesel Base 5
SZTAKI Desktop Grid (BOINC)
Art
electric sheep
Internet Movie Project (IMP)
Puzzles/Games
ChessBrain -->
Pancakes
Miscellaneous
The Monkey Shakespeare Simulator
Current status of active BOINC project servers:
The categories below contain projects which are not technically distributed computing projects: in these projects your computer connects to a project server or website to get work, but you do the work.
Distributed Human Projects
Mindpixel
Open Mind Common Sense
Open Mind Word Expert
Common Sense Learner
Distributed Proofreaders
Distributed Proofreaders Europe
Project Orca
Tiny KeyCounter
Project Dolphin
Projet Marmotte
Twenty Questions
Open Mind Indoor Common Sense
BeWeS MouseTracker
Uptime Project
The ESP Game
Speculative Search Game
Collaborative Knowledge Bases
dmoz Open Directory Project
Zeal
The WWW Virtual Library
oomind
Nupedia
Wikipedia
Wiktionary
Wikinews
Wikibooks
Wikispecies
MusicBrainz
FreeDB
Internet Movie Database
Everything2
JoeAnt.com
Logos
Open Site
Project Excerpt
Charity
The Hunger Site
The Rainforest Site
The Breast Cancer Site
The Animal Rescue Site
The Child Health Site
The Literacy Site
Race for the Rainforest
Race for the Big Cats
Race for the Ocean
Climb Against Breat Cancer
Race for the Primates
Race for Pets in Need
Race for Children in Need
Race to Stop Violence Against Women
Race to Save Baby Seals
EcologyFund.com
die Waldseite
iGive.com
KlickDieSpende
DonationJunction.com
Wildglobe.com
SolvePoverty
PovertyFighters
End Homelessness Now
Land Care Niagara
The Stop HIV Site
giveaminute.org
Ett klick f鰎 skogen (A Click for the Forest) -->
Polska Strona Gtodu (The Polish Hunger Site)
TheEnvironmentSite.org
Dame una Casa (Build me a Home)
Polskie Sztuczne Serce (Polish Artificial Heart) -->
Don Quijote
New!! - For more information on the Don Quijote mission, dowload the executive summary from here.
OVERVIEW
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Don Quijote is an asteroid investigation , geophysical characterisation and deflection technological experiment mission. The mission will contain the following elements:
Two spacecraft which are to be launched in separate interplanetary trajectories.
One spacecraft, which will be referred to as Hidalgo, will impact an asteroid of approximately 500 m diameter at a relative speed of at least 10 km/s.
The other spacecraft, called Sancho, will arrive earlier at the same asteroid along a very different route, perform a rendez-vous and remain in orbit around the asteroid for several months before and after the impact.
Sancho will also deliver a number of penetrators to form a seismometernetwork on the asteroid.
At the time of the impact, Sancho will retreat to a safe distance to observe the impact without taking unnecessary risk (with an attitude appropriate to its name)
It will later return to a close orbit, to observe the changes in the asteroid internal structure, shape, orbit and rotation state of the asteroid.
An animation of the mission sequence (6.49 Mb) can be downloaded from here. To view you might need to install on your computer a codec, which can be found here.
MISSION RATIONALE
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It has been acknowledged by the scientific community that NEO may represent a hazard to Earth. Although the probability of a big impact is very small, for the first time in human history we have the means of avoiding such a catastrophic event. But it is essential that we improve our knowledge of asteroids. We must know in detail the internal structure of asteroids, and how they respond to impacts before we can design effective mitigation methods.
Seismic tomography is one of the possible ways of investigating the interior of planetery and small bodies. Seismic waves resulting by both the impact of Hidalgo and the detonation of small explosive devices will be recorded by seismometers.Seismologyis an effective technique, already used by the Apollo astronauts to study the Moon interior more than thirty years ago. It is also used everyday on Earth to look for minerals, gas and oil. Technology exchange in this area could benefit applications both down here and in space.
MISSION OBJECTIVES
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The mission has a very high scientific value, but it will also help in testing technologies required for future deflection missions and raise interest in people for space exploration. The mission will in particular:
measure the mass of the asteroid, the ratio of the moments of inertia and the low order harmonics of its gravity field.
model the asteroid shape before and after the impact, to detect changes (if any).
determine the asteroid internal structure, especially the size the main solid pieces, the average particle size and thickness of regolith and of the debris layers in the space left between the main pieces.
constrain the mechanical properties of the asteroid material.
measure the orbital deflection of the asteroid as a result of the impact of Hidalgo
measure the asteroid rotation state before and immediately after the impact.
detect the dissipation of the non-principal axis rotation after the impact.
determine the asteroid large scale mineralogical composition.
SPACECRAFT
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The Don Quijote mission is divided in four dedicated mission elements. There is the orbiter Sancho that carries the combined camera/TIR-imager, the IR spectrometer, the Penetrators/Surface elements (P/SE), and the seismic sources. The P/SE and the seismic sources (SS) are considered as separate elements, since they perform the "landing" and surface operation on the asteroid, which in itself is a complex "sub-mission" of Don Quijote. The P/SE carry a seismometer, an accelerometer, and a temperature sensor as scientific payload, whereas the seismic sources comprise merely an explosive charge and a timed detonator. The fourth element is Hidalgo, which serves solely as impactor and its main task is to hit the asteroid with a given accuracy and relative velocity.
Launch configuration wit Soyuz Fairing.
The S/C Sancho is carrying the scientific instruments and will arrive at the asteroid about 6 month before the impact of Hidalgo. While Sancho is orbiting the asteroid, the seismic network is deployed and different scientific measurements are conducted.
Hidalgo will in principle be a rebuild of the Sancho S/C omitting the instruments, launch mechanisms for the penetrators and seismic sources, and probably the HGA. Due to the reduced power demand the electrical power system, and in particular the solar arrays, may also be reduced in size and mass. The same is true for the propulsion system. For Hidalgo no orbit capture is necessary. Therefore the orbit corrections can be done with thrust vectoring using the AOCS thrusters. Due to these changes, the Hidalgo S/C will be simpler than Sancho except the autonomy/FDIR concept, since it must perform the final targeting prior to the impact without substantial ground support and with a very high reliability.
INSTRUMENTS
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The main task for the camera is the imaging of the asteroid at high resolution when Sancho is in orbit around it. In addition, it will be used for navigational purposes during the far and close approach phases. In addition a TIR channel with a micro-bolometer array will be implemented. For the design variation the NAC/WAC design of BepiColombo is considered as possible instrument.
The IR-spectrometer is primarily used for the classification of the asteroid and a high diversity of the soil is not expected. Thus, the requirements with respect to spatial and spectral resolution are moderate. Therfore, a SIR-type micro-spectrometer was selected as baseline. For the design variation the IR spectrometer of BepiColombo was selected, which covers also the TIR region of the spectrum.
The Ka-Transponder is needed for the precise determination of the trajectory and its changes of the asteroid. The seismometers and accelerometers carried by the penetrators are dedicated to the seismic experiments conducted in the course of the mission in order to determine the internal structure of the asteroid.
Seismic tomography is one of the possible ways of investigating the interior of planetery and small bodies. Seismic waves resulting by both the impact of Hidalgo and the detonation of small explosive devices will be recorded by seismometers.Seismologyis an effective technique, already used by the Apollo astronauts to study the Moon interior more than thirty years ago. It is also used everyday on Earth to look for minerals, gas and oil. Technology exchange in this area could benefit applications both down here and in space.
STUDY TEAM AND CONTACTS
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DEIMOS (Prime Contractor)
DEIMOS Study Manager
Jose A. Gonzalez
Jose-Antonio.Gonzalez@deimos-space.com
Mission Análisis Consultancy
Miguel Belló Mora
Miguel.bello@deimos-space.com
Study Team
Juan Martin Albo
Juan.Martin-Albo@deimos-space.com
ASTRIUM GmbH
Astrium Study Manager
Dr. Ralf Münzenmayer
Ralf.Muenzenmayer@astrium-space.com
Technical Responsible
Roger Förstner
Roger.Foerstner@astrium-space.com
Instrument Inventory & Performance
Bernd Kunkel
Bernd.Kunkel@astrium-space.com
S/C Configuration
Karl Honnen
Karl.Honnen@astrium-space.com
University of Pisa
Prof. Andrea Milani
milani@dm.unipi.it
Prof. Paolo Paolicchi
paolicchi@df.unipi.it
SpaceGuard Fundation
Prof. G.B. Valsecchi
giovanni@ias.rm.cnr.it
IPGP
Dr. Philippe Lognonné
lognonne@ipgp.jussieu.fr
University of Bern
Dr. Willy Benz
willy.benz@phim.unibe.ch
B612 FOUNDATION
Significantly alter the orbit of an asteroid in a controlled manner by 2015.
Asteroid and comet impacts have both destroyed and shaped life on Earth since it formed.
The Earth orbits the Sun in a vast swarm of near Earth asteroids (NEAs).
The probability of an unacceptable collision in this century is ~2%.
We now have the capability to anticipate an impact and to prevent it.
Tuesday, October 04, 2005
Folding@Home Distributed Computing
Our goal: to understand protein folding, protein aggregation, and related diseases
ps.
seti@home
http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/
orbit@home
orbit.psi.edu/
http://www.pcclub.com/forum/categories.cfm?catid=39
2004 MN4 Near-Earth Asteroid
What is it?
2004 MN4 is a 390 meter asteroid that may intersect Earth oribit on Friday the 13th of April, 2029. In recent weeks this asteroid has set multiple records for the highest potential threat warning of any recorded near-earth object.
Quick Facts:
* 2004 MN4 orbits the sun once every 324 days
* The asteroid is thought to be about 390m wide, estimated from its brightness
* If an impact occurs, 2004 MN4 will yield approx. 1,600 megatons of energy
* With further observation, The odds of impact could eventually be eliminated
* There have been very few sightings of Asteroid 2004 MN4
Impact Assessment:
(from Wikipedia's 2004 MN4 page)
NASA estimates the energy that 2004 MN 4 would release if it impacted Earth as the equivalent of 1400 megatons of TNT . In contrast, the largest man-made nuclear explosion, Tsar Bomba , had a yield of approximately 50 megatons. The nuclear bomb Little Boy , dropped by the United States on Hiroshima, Japan , had a yield of only about 0.013 megatons. The impacts which created the Barringer Meteor Crater or caused the Tunguska event are estimated to be in the 10-20 megaton range. The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa was the equivalent of roughly 200 megatons.
The exact effects of any impact would vary based on the asteroid's composition, and the location and angle of impact. Any impact would be extremely detrimental to an area of thousands of square kilometers, but would be unlikely to have long-lasting global effects.
谁说书生弱无骨,且听燕园风似刀!
| 燕园之父司徒雷登 气坏日本军官(组图) |
| 消息来源:南方周末 http://www.popyard.org 八阕编辑:2005-10-04 |
八阕 http://www.popyard.org 【八阕】燕京大学的坚守,为沦陷区学子提供了教育机会,选择燕大就意味着不与占领当局合作,意味着拒绝奴化教育。燕大为解放区和大后方培养、输送了大批战时急需的人才,也提供了很多战争物资,成为北中国的地下抵抗中心。
谁说书生弱无骨,且听燕园风似刀!
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图:司徒雷登在燕园与同学们在一起(1946年)。
最后一课
1941年12月8日清晨,浓云密布,寒风刺骨。燕京大学睿楼地质课上,白发苍苍的美国教授刚刚把一张地图挂到黑板上,一阵刺耳的马达声突然划破了肃穆的校园气氛——身着土黄色军服的日本宪兵驾着摩托开进了校园。
这出乎意料的场面,令同学们面面相觑。只有老教授镇定如初,继续授课,仿佛什么事也没有发生。直到讲完一个单元的内容才坦然对大家说:“同学们,再见了,多保重!”——多年以后,燕大四一班新生张澍智才明白,当时老教授已得到了日本向美国宣战的消息。
教务处一名职员疾步赶来,通知大家到贝公楼礼堂开会。接着,响起了急促的、连续不断的钟声。
弦歌不辍的世外桃源般的日子,就此戛然而止。
“我至今还记得宣布燕大被封闭的那天夜晚,我从女生宿舍二楼的窗户向下看到:日本侵略者肩扛长枪,刺刀在月光下闪着逼人的寒光,趾高气扬地走过……”也是四一级新生的郑俊秀后来回忆说,“当时我心中默默地想:总有一天我们会把日本侵略者赶出燕京、赶出中国!”
坚守沦陷区
1937年“七七事变”后,在中国政府和教育机构纷纷 内迁之际,燕大选择了留在沦陷区,此举一度令许多朋友不得其解。毕业于燕大社会学系的费孝通特地从伦敦经济政治学院致函燕大校长司徒雷登,批评其留守决 定,说这违背了中国政府关于阻止日本势力在中国生根的原则,日伪政权将利用此事鼓吹中日友好,从而葬送燕大美名。
美国政府也要求在华的美国平民迅速撤离,凡不肯撤离者,后果自负。
其实,早在1935年中日《何梅协定》 签订时,司徒雷登已预见平津不保,为此开始考虑燕大去留。虽然经过反复权衡,选择了留守,但迫于内外压力,直到 1938年6月,司徒雷登仍摇摆不定,怀疑留守是否得当。他的朋友高厚德的一席话打动了他。高厚德说,燕大的最高理想是为中国人民服务,而不是单纯为某个 政治势力或某个政府服务。“在人类生活中有许多基本的关系,政治关系只是其中的一种。”所以燕大必须在沦陷区坚持下来,为沦陷区的人民提供受教育的机会。 他举例说,当年耶稣并没有设法逃出古罗马人的统治,而是在压迫中继续他的事业和使命。
司徒雷登深以为然。反抗未必都是明火执仗上前线,就地反抗也是一种反抗,而且是一种更坚忍、更无畏的反抗,这成了司徒雷登的信念,也成了燕京大学师生的共识。
在中国教育机构悉数内迁,无力为沦陷区人民提供教育服务的情况下,要么不接受教育,要么被迫进入日伪控制的学校,接受奴化教育,本来只有这种两难选择的沦陷区学子,因为燕京大学的坚守而有了新的选择。
为最大限度地满足沦陷区学子的需要,燕大招生规模急剧扩张,从以前奉行精英教育,每年招生不足百人,到1938年7月录取新生605人,为历年最多的一次。到1941年,燕大学生的注册人数达到了创纪录的1128人。
燕京大学成了不甘做亡国奴的沦陷区学子的寄身之所。选择燕京大学就意味着不与占领当局合作,选择燕京大学就意味着拒绝奴化教育。这样一来,燕京大学的存在本身,就是一种不屈的象征。
反对燕大留下来的声浪至此完全平息,甚至一些本来已经离开的校友还自愿回到北平,帮助燕大度过她历史上最为困难的时刻。
但对占领当局来说,最恐怖的还是不可测的地下抵抗,其中的的核心人物,无一不是燕京大学的高层人物。
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图:太平洋战争时期司徒雷登(中)与亨利.霍顿博士(协和医学院院长,左)和特利弗.鲍恩博士(协和医院财务主管,右)三人囚禁一处。
夏仁德:为抗战中国输送人才
燕大教授夏仁德是美国费城人,1923年8月来中国, 任教于燕大心理学系,在燕大做了许多地下工作,多年来,他在燕园的家一直是中共地下组织的重要据点。燕大出身的陈翰伯回忆,“1935年,正是一二九运动 来潮之年。夏仁德完全支持中国进步学生。他不发表讲演,没有写过文章,他是用行动来支持我们的。他知道我们需要安全的工作环境,把他家后门的钥匙交给我 们,答应晚上午夜时分,可以在他家楼下客厅里办事,只是告诉我们,白天不要来,晚上不要有女同学来。后来,我们利用这里办了很多事情。有些党的文件如《八 一宣言》等等,我们就带来藏在地毯底下。”
很多中共地下工作者因夏仁德的庇护而 躲过了当局的追捕。当时的清华大学学生蒋南翔,就曾在夏仁德家里避难。后来出任新中国外交部副部长的黄华,也是夏仁德的学生。当黄华秘密离校,投奔延安之 后,校务会议曾讨论要不要给黄华发文凭。夏仁德力排众议,全力为自己心爱的学生辩护。他说:我在中国多年,黄华是我教过的最好的学生!
从1940年起,根据司徒雷登的安 排,夏仁德领衔主持燕京大学学生生活辅导委员会。当时正在燕京大学读研究生、后来成为著名历史地理学家的侯仁之,则是夏仁德的主要助手,任委员会副主席。 燕京大学的主要工作是把沦陷区的知识青年培养成战时中国紧缺的人才,而怎样把已经培养成才的燕京学子输送到大后方和敌后根据地,输送到抗日战争最需要的地 方,这个任务就主要由学生生活辅导委员会来完成。
逃奔大后方的燕京学子所在多有,逃奔 敌后根据地的燕京学子也不少见。侯仁之回忆,当他策划第一批学生南下时,中共燕京地下组织负责人向他建议,也应该送一批学生去根据地。并说根据地就在山 西,去也方便,而且那里很需要知识分子。侯仁之表示赞同,两人就一起去见司徒雷登。司徒雷登毫无保留地支持,并要中共燕京地下组织负责人和侯仁之共同负责 此事。
从1940年冬到1941年夏,经中共燕京地下组织安排,由侯仁之具体联系,从燕京大学挑选了3批共10多个学生分赴敌后根据地。
无论是去大后方还是去敌后根据地的燕京学子,如侯仁之所言,“他们离校后的经历虽然各不相同,但每个人都在抗日救亡以及新中国的建设中,作出了自己的贡献。”
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其中当然有夏仁德的功劳。
最让燕京学子不能忘怀的,是1941年12月8日夏仁德非同寻常的举动。
那天早上,当教务处职员赶到适楼二楼的 教室宣布下课时,正在这间教室的三八班学生赵凤章没有跟大家一样按要求到大礼堂开会,而是马上跟地下组织联系,收回一批“禁书”和文件,准备销毁。回到宿 舍,他突然想起一件事,大惊失色。原来,赵凤章曾将整整一个柳条箱的“民先队”内部资料交由夏仁德保管。现在日军占领燕园,很可能掘地三尺,一旦从夏仁德 家里搜出那个柳条箱,后果将不堪设想。
赵凤章急忙从宿舍三楼下到一楼,却被 传达室的工友迎面拦住。“赵先生,你的电话。”赵凤章不耐烦地接过话筒,话筒里传来夏仁德的声音!夏仁德单刀直入:“你的东西我可以烧掉吗?”赵凤章赶紧 用英语说:“当然可以。我正要去你府上把它们拿回来呢。”“这么多东西,你怎么好拿走?不如我直接烧掉算了。”
柳条箱里的资料付之一炬,赵凤章等一干学子安然无恙,夏仁德却为此付出了代价——那天早上夏仁德本来计划和另外两个外籍教授去敌后根据地。但他想到那个柳条箱,便留了下来——在帮助被日军赶出校园的女生运送行李途中,夏仁德被日军认了出来,随即被捕。
1950年8月,不幸背负特嫌恶名的夏仁德,黯然返回美国。
中美恢复邦交后的1973年,望穿双眼而始终不肯死心的夏仁德,终于等来中国的大红请柬。这年五一节,夏仁德受到周恩来总理的接见并参加了宴会。访华的最后一天,他对儿子亨利说:“就是我现在死的话,也可以瞑目了。”
林迈可:筹措抗战物资
如果说夏仁德为抗战中国输送人才居功至伟,那么燕大英籍教授林迈可对抗战中国的贡献,则主要在于战争物资的输送。
中国全面抗战爆发时,林迈可刚从牛津毕业一年,他与白求恩同船赴华,奉派前往燕大,帮助实施牛津试行的新式教学制度——导师制,到燕大后,林迈可住进临湖轩司徒雷登寓所。他选收了8名导师制学生,其中惟一的女生李效黎,后来成了他的妻子。
来华途中,林迈可与白求恩约定,将来在华北根据地重逢。林迈可很快兑现了这个诺言,于1938年夏首次进入晋察冀根据地,与白求恩欢聚。在那里他亲身感受到根据地战争物资的短缺。于是频繁往返于上海、香港、重庆之间,设法为根据地代购战争物资。
这年秋季开学后,林迈可花费很多业余时间,为根据地装配无线电收音机。有一次还拿出一沓进口化学药品的订单,请不知情的李效黎译成中文。这沓订单数量极大,让李效黎好生奇怪。
“七七事变”后,二十九军匆忙撤出平津,决定把来不及搬运的整整6个皮箱的军用器材赠给平津附近的八路军,但一直无法运出。这个任务也落到林迈可夫妇头上。
他们借来司徒雷登的专车,每次装上两个皮箱,开到西山温泉附近一个小庙门口,在那里交到八路军手上。
最后一次是1941年12月2日,距太 平洋战争爆发不过6天。当晚,林迈可在燕园主持了一次外籍教师茶话会。这是司徒雷登采取的应变措施。他预计日美战争已不可避免,为使燕大外籍教师免遭铁窗 之苦,他指派与敌后根据地交情颇厚的林迈可主持会议,说服外籍教师撤往敌后根据地。但会上众说纷纭,莫衷一是。会后林迈可向司徒雷登汇报,司徒雷登总结了 燕大毕业生在敌后根据地的工作情况,并估算外籍教师中至少应有15人前往。他特别强调:爱丽小姐懂医学,是敌后根据地急需的人才;夏仁德和博晨光很有组织 能力,也应该去敌后根据地。然后,他用命令的口气对林迈可夫妇说:“你们两人更是非走不可!”
林迈可到延安后,任八路军通讯顾问和新华社对外广播顾问,并设计制造了对外广播仪器。他用一口正宗的牛津腔英语,不断向全世界报告中国战场的捷报。
陆志韦:刺刀下的演说
燕京大学有两个人最受司徒雷登的尊重和信任。一个是夏仁德,另一个就是陆志韦。
1926年,司徒雷登路过南京,头一次到陆志韦家做客,两人一见如故。次年,陆志韦即举家北上,出任燕京大学心理学教授兼心理学系主任。1933年,又被任命为燕京大学代理校长——根据国民政府规定,外国人办的教会大学必须由中国人当校长。
陆志韦只答应代理一年,但一代理就是整整4年。直到“七七事变”,燕大出于生存需要升起了星条旗,司徒雷登亲自出任校长,陆志韦才不再代理。但他仍属于决策层,燕大无日不有的地下抵抗,他都不曾置身事外。
最让人感动的,是他在冯树功事件中的表现。
1940年冬,燕京大学物理系助教冯树功骑自行车行经西直门外白石桥时,被一辆横冲直撞的日本军车轧死。燕京大学当即向占领当局提出书面抗议,并在贝公楼礼堂召开了隆重的追悼会。
追悼会由陆志韦主持,他缓缓走上讲台,面色沉郁。礼堂一片静寂,使与会者倍感压抑!突然,他用嘶哑的声音说道:“我……我讲不出话!因为我这里,”这时他以拳捶胸,“我这里好像有一块大石头,压得我喘不过气!”
“我只觉得当今世界上弥漫着一股貌似强大的势力,正控制着我们,压迫着我们,正是这股势力夺走了年轻轻的冯先生的生命,这股势力一日不消灭,类似的悲剧肯定还会不断地发生。”
台下依旧鸦雀无声,人们似乎只能听到自己的心跳。稍作停顿,他又说:“看到最近在校内发表的冯先生的遗作,才知道他和我一样是新诗爱好者,我和他原应结识为朋友。不幸发生了这样的悲剧,使我今生再也无缘和他相识,谈论新诗了。”
说到这里,他喉头哽塞,热泪长流。人群中的饮泣,随之爆发成一片嚎啕大哭!
在场的日本军方代表殊为不快,拂袖而去。
燕园之父司徒雷登
燕京人才大批输送大后方和敌后根据地,夏仁德、侯仁之 负责具体操作,总导演则非司徒雷登莫属。侯仁之称,学生生活辅导委员会组织燕京学子逃奔大后方和敌后根据地,纯粹因为司徒雷登的耳提面命。司徒雷登指示校 方承担全部路费;而且,“凡是要走的学生,临行前他(指司徒雷登)都要在临湖轩设宴饯行。我记得一次设宴践行的会上,他说他希望燕京大学的学生,无论是到 大后方,还是到敌后根据地,都要在国民党和共产党之间起到桥梁作用,以加强合作,共同抗日。”
来自占领当局的巨大压力,更有赖司徒雷登一人抵挡。
一天,一队日本宪兵开到燕大门前,要求 搜查学生宿舍,抓一名共产党员。司徒雷登强硬拒绝,声称:燕大是美国人办的学校,受治外法权的保护。任何外国人要进燕园搜捕学生,必须首先得到美国驻北平 领事馆的批准。由于司徒雷登寸步不让,占领当局从此不敢再到燕大来找学生麻烦,只好改而到校门外抓捕抗日学生。但即便如此,司徒雷登仍不肯坐视,但凡有燕 大学生在校外被捕,他总要与占领当局交涉,迫其放人。刺杀周作人的燕大学生,就得益于司徒雷登的保护而成功脱逃。
燕京大学是沦陷区抗击奴化教育的主要阵地,占领当局对此怀恨尤深,便借口增进中日两国的文化交流,要派日本教授到燕大任教,人选和经费均由占领当局承担。
深得中国文化精髓的司徒雷登没有断然拒绝,而是玩了一招太极拳。他拒绝占领当局派遣日本教授,表示宁可关门也不牺牲学校的独立性。但他并不反对燕大教职向日本学者开放。于是由哈佛燕京学社推荐,从数名蜚声国际的日本学者中,挑选了鸟居龙藏作为客座教授来燕大从事研究工作。
鸟居龙藏不仅学问博大精深,而且宅心仁 厚,一直坚定地反对侵华战争。到燕大后,他埋头治学,绝不与占领当局合作。而当燕大遭占领当局查封时,他竟以 70多岁的高龄,站在校门边,颤巍巍地向被捕的燕大师生深鞠一躬,似乎要代表有良知的日本人民向受害的中国人民致以沉痛歉意。燕大关门后,失去经济来源、 朝不保夕的鸟居龙藏拒绝食占领当局之粟,宁愿靠两个女儿打工以勉强维持生计。1942年,鸟居龙藏明知日美两国开战、占领当局明令禁用英文,仍以哈佛燕京 学社名义,出版了他的英文著作《辽代画像石墓》。而且该书的序言竟然是已成阶下囚的司徒雷登写的。他对日本政府的蔑视和抗议不言而喻。
人的公开渗透不可得,占领当局转而谋求经济上的渗透。而当时燕京大学确实在经济上遭遇了前所未有的困厄。占领当局派了一个高级军官去见司徒雷登,询问燕大是否接受日本方面的一笔可观的补助年金。
司徒雷登一口回绝。日本高级军官气坏了,扬长而去。
无论占领当局怎样绞尽脑汁,司徒雷登软硬不吃,而且越斗越勇。他总结出一套跟占领当局打交道的方法,认为日本人表面上耀武扬威,实际上内心空虚,“我们再也用不着怕他们了!”他以无畏的勇气和智慧抗争,为燕京学子守护着一个自由空间,为沦陷区人民守护着一个精神孤岛。
占领当局对司徒雷的嫉恨因此与日俱增。一天,校园里发现了一枚炸弹。司徒雷登相信,这是日本人用来恐吓他的。他的回答是:“我宁叫日本人像炸南开大学一样把燕京大学炸掉,也决不会同他们合作来贻我们全体学生之羞。”
日美战争爆发的时间越来越近。燕大与占领当局的对抗越来越趋于临界点。司徒雷登不抱幻想,做了最坏打算。
1941年初,一群燕京学子从北平偷偷来到上海,准备自行前往大后方。正逢司徒雷登到上海开会,学子们推举了3个代表去见校务长。校务长坦承:现在的形势已酝酿着巨变,星条旗恐不能久悬于燕园上空。如果燕大真的被占领当局查封,他决定把燕大搬到大后方。
但计划快没有变化快。在迫害和反迫害的赛跑中,掌握主动权的迫害者最终抢先半拍。一二八事变突如其来,占领当局迫不及待地对燕园大打出手。司徒雷登的撤退计划胎死腹中。
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图:周恩来与司徒雷登在交谈
燕园日不落
反抗是坚忍的,报复也是凶残的。1941年12月8日,在日本宪兵用刺刀逼着代理校务长高厚德宣布学校解散之后,师生们即各回宿舍收拾行李。当天下午,日本宪兵两人一组,各在一个翻译的陪同下,拿着早就备好的黑名单,逐楼逐室地照单抓捕抗日的燕大教授和学生。
亲历者陈嘉祥这样回忆当时场景:忽然外 面一阵皮靴声近,到门口停下。门猛地被推开,一前一后,闯进两个鬼子。前面的凶狠地扫我们一眼,看着手里名单,用生硬的中国话问道:“陈嘉祥有?”我说: “我是。”他盯我一眼,右手一挥:“走!”后面的鬼子立刻把枪口对着我的脊背(陈嘉祥:《一二八蒙难记》,见燕京大学校友纪念特刊《燕园友谊》)。
同时被捕的,还有蓝铁年、沈聿温、李 慰祖、程述尧、李欧、姚克荫、刘子健、张树柏、朱良漪、孙以亮等10名燕大学生,陆志韦、张东荪、赵紫宸、陈其田、刘豁轩、赵承信、林嘉通等7名燕大教 授。数日后,燕大教授洪业、邓之诚,总务长蔡一谔、学生生活辅导委员会副主席侯仁之、农科教师沈寿铨,以及周学章、萧正谊全部被捕。来不及撤离的夏仁德、 谢迪克、贝卢思等6名燕大外籍教师,则押往潍县集中营关押。
总共30多个燕京师生锒铛入狱。除了事先逃奔敌后根据地的寥寥数人外,核心人物无一幸免。
在沦陷区坚守了整整4年的燕京大学被迫暂告中止。燕园被改成日军的伤兵疗养院。
事发当天,司徒雷登不在学校,他已于前一天应天津校友会之邀到天津度周末。12月9日一早,他正要返校,日本宪兵找到他的下榻处将他逮捕,押回北平,与一批海军陆战队队员关在一起。
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图:1947年5月1日天津市长杜建时欢迎美国大使司徒雷登访问天津。
这是燕京大学的不幸,但也是燕京大学的骄傲——因为,锒铛入狱的30多个燕京师生,没有一个人低下自己高贵的头。
著名哲学家张东荪即为一例。张东荪在狱中一直拒不招供,拒不认罪。为了反抗凌辱,他四度自杀,但每次都没成功。愤怒之极,他甚至不惜与日本看守厮打。
岂止张东荪。所有被捕的燕京师生,那些平日温文尔雅、弱不禁风的知识分子,在日本人的监狱中无一不是钢筋铁骨,无一不表露着庄严的节操。他们是在为民族受难,而这个民族是一个不败的民族。正是这样的信念支撑着他们,赋予他们强大的自信,使他们度过了那些苦难的日子。
而被赶出校门的燕京师生,也并没有惊惶四散。他们满怀仇恨,按照他们敬爱的校务长构思的旅程,彼此提携,一群群一队队,从开封向西,渡过黄河;然后转道郑州至洛阳,由洛阳辗转前往成都。
燕京大学的三角旗因此屹立不倒,不出一年,即1942年11月8日,盛大的燕京大学复学典礼便在成都隆重揭幕。几代中国学人,中美两国学人,重新汇聚燕大校园,为抗战的最后胜利奋斗。
(本文写作中,得到燕京大学校友侯仁之老师、蒋振坤老师、张定老师及燕京大学北京校友会办公室的大力协助。在此谨致谢意。)
Saturday, October 01, 2005
游泳技巧
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